七、现在完成时
1. 表示到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成的动作,即已完成用法。
Someone has broken the window.有人把窗户打破了。
He has travelled over many lands.他到过许多国家。
He's been ill.他刚生过病。
2. 表示从过去持续到现在(或许还在进行下去或刚刚结束)的动作或状态,即未完成用法。
I have been here since last October.从去年10月起,我一直在这里。
These shoes are worn out.They have lasted a long time.这些鞋子穿破了,它们已穿了很长时间了。
3. 表示从过去开始到目前为止反复发生的动作或多次出现的状态。这时常与频度副词always,often,every day等连用。
My father has always gone to work by bike.我父亲一向骑车上班。
I have often heard that he is the cleverest person in the government.我常听人说,他是政府里最聪明的人。
4. 在时间、条件、让步从句中表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。
I'll go with you as soon as I have finished my work.我工作结束了马上就跟你一块儿去。
We'll start at nine if it has stopped raining by that time.到那时要是雨停了,我们将在9点钟出发。
5. 常用于现在完成时的状语
1）表示不确定的时间状语用于表示“已完成”。这类时间状语有already,yet,
recently,lately等。
2）More than a week has passed already.一个多星期过去了。
I've already read that book.我已经读过那本书了。
I haven't learned the word yet.我还没有学会那个单词。
I have recently had my appendix removed.我最近切除了阑尾。
3）表示包括现在在内的时间状语可用于表示“已完成”。这类时间状语有just,before,now,this morning等。
Have you been here before?你以前来过这里吗?
He's just gone.他刚走。
I have got up very early this morning.我今天早上起得很早。
4）表示频度的时间状语可用于表示“已完成”。这类时间状语有never,ever,often,once,sometimes,six times等。
Have you ever seen a ballet before?你曾看过芭蕾舞剧吗？
I have seen his name in the papers rather often of late.我近来常在报纸上看见他的名字。
I have been there only once this year.我今年只去过那儿一次。
5）since引导的表示从过去某“点”时间到现在的时间状语可用于表示“未完成”。
I have met him often since I lived here.自从我在这里住下之后我常看见他。
I have learned a lot from him since I knew him.自从我认识了他,我向他学到许多东西。
He has never been to see me since I was ill.从我生病以来他一直没来看过我。
6）for引导的表示一段时间的时间状语可用于表示“未完成”。
I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在此住了30年。
She has been ill for three days.她已经病了3天了。
八、过去完成时
1. 表示过去某时间或某动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。这个过去的时间须由by,before等介词短语或when,before等引导的时间从句来表示,也可由明确的上下文表示。
I had finished my homework before supper.我在晚饭前把作业做完了。
By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.到那年年底,亨利已收集了一千多张外国邮票。
When we got there the basketball match had already started.我们到那里时,篮球赛已经开始了。
2. 表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。这时常与since,for,when,until,by the end of...等时间状语连用。
We had not seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京以来我们就没有见过面了。
By the end of last week,I had been on that ship for two years.到上个周末,我已经在那艘船上工作两年了。
3. 表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图,只用于如下动词hope,mean,expect,intend,suppose,think,want。
The profit was fair but not as big as they had hoped.利润尚可,但不如原先希望的那么丰厚。
I had meant to come,but something happened.我本想来,但有事就没有来了。
The result was quite opposite to what we had expected.结果和我们所期望的完全相反。
They had intended to speak,but time did not permit.他们本想发言,可是时间不允许。4. 在条件状语从句中及动词wish或I'd rather后的宾语从句中常用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
If only you had worked with great care!你要是更细心一些该多好啊!
I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我真希望和你一起去听音乐会。
I would rather you had told her the truth.我倒宁愿你告诉她真情。
九、过去将来时
1. 过去将来时用法
表示从过去某时间来看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用在宾语从句中。
We never imagined that John would become a doctor.我们从未想过约翰会成为一名医生。
I thought you would take the chance.我还以为你会去试一试呢。
You knew I would come.你知道我会来的。
2. 过去将来时其他构成形式
1. “was/were going to+动词原形”可表示过去将要发生的或很有可能发生的动作。
I didn't know if she was going to leave.我不知道她是否会离开。
No one knew when he was going to come.没人知道他什么时候来。
He said that he was going to quit his job and join the army.他说他要辞掉工作去参军。
3. “was/were (about) to+动词原形”可表示过去安排或计划中即将发生的动作。
We were to do it.我们打算做这件事。
The train was about to leave.火车马上就要开了。
Brooks was about to speak.Again he bottled himself up.布鲁克斯想说话又忍住了。
Just as we were about to leave,it started to rain cats and dogs.我们刚要出门,老天就哗哗下起了大雨。
4. “was/were+现在分词”表示过去即将发生的动作。
I didn't know when they were leaving for Beijing.我不知道他们将何时动身去北京。
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