模块七 Unit 2 重点语法：短语动词

     短语动词是由动词加介词、副词或其他词构成的固定词组，其作用和动词差不多，有些短语动词相当于及物动词，有些则相当于不及物动词。

1. 动词+介词：动词加at, for, from, into, of, to, with构成的短语动词总是动介型的。这类短语动词相当于一个及物动词，其后必须有宾语，宾语不管是代词或名词，只能放在介词后，不能放在动词和介词之间。在被动语态中，整个短语动词要作为一个整体看待，不可拆开或漏缺。如：
We must look into the matter immediately. 我们必须马上调查此事。
The shop was broken into by thieves last night. 昨夜盗贼闯进了那家商店。
常见的这类短语动词有：speak of, think about, think of, refer to, rely on, see to, send for, stand for, doubt of, laugh at 等。再如：
act on 按照……行动  account for 说明
apply for 申请  amount to 等于
believe in 信仰  attend to 关照             
break through 冲破  break into 闯入                         
come across 遇见  consist of 由……组成
deal with 对付，处理  do without废除
improve upon 改进  complain of/about 抱怨
look after 照料  look into 调查
object to反对  operate on 为……做手术
dream of梦到  adjust to 适应
add to增加  agree with/to/on 同意
allow for体谅到，顾及到，考虑到  argue about 争辩
aim at瞄准  ask for  要求
arrange for安排  concentrate on 集中
call on sb. at sp. 访问  live on 靠……生活
comment on 评述  contribute to 贡献, 有助于，导致     
get used to 适应
insist on/upon 坚持  interfere with 干涉
listen to 听  resort to 采取
long for 渴望  part with 分手
pay for 付款  pray for  祈祷
rely/depend on 依靠  lead to   通向，导致
refer to谈到，涉及，参考 look forward to 期盼

2. 动词+副词：动词加away, back, out, ahead, forward, aside构成的短语动词是动副型的。这些动词有些相当于及物动词，有些则相当于不及物动词。
1）“及物动词+副词”相当于一个及物动词，可以用于被动语态，可以有宾语。但值得注意的是：如果宾语是人称代词（包括it）或反身代词，其结构是“动词+代词+副词”；如果宾语是名词或不定代词（somebody, anybody, nothing, no one 等），既可以放在副词之前，也可以放在副词之后。如：
She picked it up. (正)
She picked up it.（误）
She picked the book up.（正）
She picked up the book.（正）
常见的这些短语动词有：work out, win over, wipe out, turn out, wind up, turn on, turn down, throw away, take over等。再如：
back up 支持  make up构成  point out指出
call off 取消  put forward提出  ring up给……打电话
cut off 切断  see off为……送行  set up建立
give away 捐赠  take off脱下  blow up炸毁
hand in 上交  bring up抚养  carry out 执行
look up 查找  pick up 捡起  put on穿上
set aside留出  take in吸收，受骗  make out 认出
2）“不及物动词+副词”相当于一个不及物动词，这种结构的短语不能用于被动语态，也不能接宾语。
The war broke out in 1980 and lasted eight years. 那场战争于1980年爆发，延续了8年。
The plane took off in spite of the fog. 尽管有大雾，飞机还是起飞了。
常见的这类短语动词有：
break down出故障  come to 苏醒  die away 逐渐消失
drop out退出  give in 让步  grow up 长大
knock off 停工  look out 当心  pass away 去世
run out 耗尽  show off炫耀   turn up 出现
fall through失败   fall out 争吵  pass out死，不复存在
come out开花  fall off下降  pull up停下  catch on 理解 

3. 除了动词+介词和动词+副词型的短语动词外，还有其他类型。如：
1）动词+名词+介词（catch sight of, get rid of, give rise to, take advantage of, put an end to, set fire on, take hold of, pay attention to, keep an eye on, take care of, make use of etc.）
2）动词+副词+介词（go on with, put up with, keep out of, get through with, face up to, look out for, get down to, go in for, run out of, hold on to, keep away from, look up to, look down on, get along with etc.）