四、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
1. 表示与现在事实相反的情况时,从句谓语动词用过去式(be动词用were),主句谓语动词用“would/should+动词原形”或“could/might+动词原形”。
If I were you,I would refuse the money.假如我是你的话,我就不会要那钱。
If it weren't raining,I would go out.如果现在不下雨,我们就出去了。
If I knew the answer,I would tell him.如果我知道答案,我就会告诉他。
If I didn't write them down, I should probably forget all about them.如果我不把它们写下来,就可能忘得一干二净。
2. 表示与过去事实相反的情况时,从句谓语动词用“had+动词过去分词”,主句谓语动词用“would/should have+过去分词”或“could/might have+过去分词”。
If we had found him earlier,we might have solved the problem easily.如果我们早点找到他,也许能更容易地解决这个问题。
If I hadn't been so busy,I would have taken part in the party.要不是忙我就来参加聚会了。
If I had left a little earlier,I would have caught the train.我要是早一点动身,就赶上火车了。
3. 表示与将来事实相反的情况时,从句谓语动词用“should+动词原形”或“were to+动词原形”,主句谓语动词用“should/would+动词原形”或“could/might+动词原形”。
If he were to come,what should we do?假如他来了,我们该怎么办呢?
Tom might come back if he were to miss the plane tomorrow.万一汤姆明天赶不上飞机,他可能会回来。
We wouldn't lose courage even if we should fail again.即使再次失败我们也不会泄气。
4. 在错综时间虚拟条件句(即主句和从句所指的时间不一致)中动词的形式需要根据表示的时间来调整。
If I had spoken to him yesterday,I should know what to do now.假如昨天我对他说了,现在我就知道该怎么办了。(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反)
5. 如果条件从句的谓语中有were,had或should等词,可将if省略,而把这几个词放在句首,构成倒装,表示虚拟语气,其意义与带有if的条件从句相同。
If I were to do the work,I should do it some other way.→Were I to do the work,I should do it some other way.要是我做这项工作,我就用另外的方法。
If Jack had recognized his teacher,he would have run.→Had Jack recognized his teacher,he would have run.如果杰克认出了老师,他早就跑了。
If he should come,tell him to wait for me a minute.→Should he come,tell him to wait for me a minute.他要是来了,让他等我一下。
五、虚拟语气在其他状语从句中的用法
1. 在由as if或as though所引导的方式状语中,虚拟语气的形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had+过去分词”。
She is walking slowly as if she were tired.她走得很慢,就像是累了似的。
You look as if you were not happy.你看起来好像不高兴。
He behaved as if nothing had happened.他看起来似乎什么事情都没有发生。
He took to French as though it had been his native language.他觉得法语就像母语一样容易学。
2. 在以lest,for fear that,in case等所引导的从句中,虚拟语气的形式为“should+动词原形”。
I ran as fast as possible lest I should be too late.我尽量快跑,免得迟到。
Be careful lest you should fall from the tree.小心,不要从树上掉下来。
He ran away for fear that he should be caught by the police.他跑了,怕被警察抓住。
Take an umbrella with you in case it should rain.带把伞吧,以防下雨。
3. 在以in order that,so that或that引导的目的状语从句中,虚拟语气的形式为“may/might/could+动词原形”。
In order that everybody may understand it,write it in simple language.为了使人人能看得懂,请用简单明了的文字写出来。
He shouted at the top of his voice,in order that he might be heard.他提高嗓门叫喊,以便使别人能听到他讲话。
They set off half an hour earlier that they might get there in time.他们早出发半小时,以便及时到达那里。
He piped so that we could dance.他吹笛子伴奏好让我们跳舞。
We set off at dawn so that we could get to the coast before lunch time.我们黎明时分出发,这样便能在午饭前到达海边。
The teacher spoke slowly in order that the student could/might hear clearly.老师讲得很慢,好让学生们听清楚。
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